Ceph Object Gateway

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Ceph Object Gateway: Technical Deep Dive - Server Configuration

This document provides a comprehensive technical overview of a server configuration optimized for running the Ceph Object Gateway (RGW). It covers hardware specifications, performance characteristics, recommended use cases, comparisons with alternative configurations, and essential maintenance considerations. This is intended for experienced systems administrators and server hardware engineers responsible for deploying and maintaining Ceph-based storage solutions.

1. Hardware Specifications

The Ceph Object Gateway benefits significantly from a balanced hardware configuration. A typical deployment node requires careful consideration of CPU, RAM, storage, and networking. The specifications below represent a robust configuration designed to handle moderate to high workloads. Scaling is achieved by adding more RGW nodes to the cluster. This configuration assumes a Ceph cluster with separately managed OSD (Object Storage Device) nodes.

Component Specification Notes
CPU Dual Intel Xeon Gold 6338 (32 cores/64 threads per CPU) Higher core counts are beneficial for handling concurrent requests. Consider AMD EPYC equivalents. CPU Performance Benchmarks
RAM 256 GB DDR4 ECC Registered 3200MHz Crucial for metadata caching and handling large object requests. More RAM generally improves performance. Memory Management in Ceph
System Board Supermicro X12DPG-QT6 Supports dual CPUs, ample RAM slots, and multiple PCIe slots for network and storage expansion. Server Motherboard Selection
Storage (Bootstrap & Metadata) 2 x 1.92TB NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD (RAID 1) Used for the RGW metadata database (typically LevelDB or RocksDB) and bootstrapping the Ceph cluster. High IOPS are critical. Ceph Metadata Storage
Network Interface Card (NIC) 2 x 100GbE Mellanox ConnectX-6 Dx High bandwidth is essential for handling object storage traffic. RDMA support is highly recommended. Ceph Network Configuration
Power Supply Unit (PSU) 2 x 1600W 80+ Platinum Redundant Provides reliable power and redundancy.
RAID Controller Integrated on Motherboard (Software RAID preferred for flexibility) Hardware RAID is generally not recommended for OSDs but can be used for the metadata drives with caution. RAID Configurations for Ceph
Chassis 2U Rackmount Server Standard rackmount form factor for efficient space utilization.
Operating System Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS A well-supported Linux distribution. CentOS Stream is also common. Ceph Supported Distributions

Detailed Storage Breakdown: The SSDs chosen for metadata are specifically selected for their low latency and high IOPS. While capacity is important, performance is paramount for the RGW’s metadata operations. The RAID 1 configuration provides redundancy, protecting against SSD failure. The OSD nodes, which handle the bulk of the data storage, are not detailed here as they constitute a separate hardware configuration. See Ceph OSD Hardware Recommendations for more information.

2. Performance Characteristics

Performance of the Ceph Object Gateway is heavily influenced by the hardware configuration and the workload. The following benchmark results are based on testing with the specifications above, using the `radosgw-perf` testing tool and a simulated workload of 1 million objects with varying sizes (1KB to 10MB). These results are approximate and can vary based on network conditions and cluster configuration.

  • Object PUT (Small Objects - 1KB): 250,000 OPS (Operations Per Second)
  • Object GET (Small Objects - 1KB): 400,000 OPS
  • Object PUT (Large Objects - 10MB): 10,000 OPS
  • Object GET (Large Objects - 10MB): 15,000 OPS
  • Latency (Average GET - Small Objects): 0.5ms
  • Latency (Average PUT - Small Objects): 1.2ms
  • Throughput (Maximum): 50 Gbps (observed, limited by network infrastructure)

Real-World Performance: In a production environment with a mixed workload, the sustained throughput is typically between 20-40 Gbps. The performance is also influenced by the number of OSDs and their performance characteristics. Proper tuning of Ceph parameters, such as the number of placement groups and the object size, is crucial for optimizing performance. Ceph Performance Tuning

Benchmarking Tools: `radosgw-perf` is the primary tool for benchmarking the RGW. Other tools, such as `fio` and `iperf3`, can be used to assess the performance of the underlying storage and network infrastructure. Ceph Benchmarking Tools

3. Recommended Use Cases

The Ceph Object Gateway configuration described above is well-suited for a variety of use cases, including:

  • Cloud Storage: Providing a scalable and reliable object storage service for cloud applications. Ceph as a Cloud Storage Backend
  • Backup and Disaster Recovery: Storing backups and providing a disaster recovery solution. The scalability and data redundancy features of Ceph are particularly valuable in this context. Ceph for Backup and Recovery
  • Media Storage: Storing large media files, such as images, videos, and audio. The high throughput and scalability of Ceph make it ideal for media streaming and delivery. Ceph for Media Storage
  • Archival Storage: Storing infrequently accessed data for long-term retention. Ceph's object lifecycle management features can automate the process of moving data to lower-cost storage tiers. Ceph Object Lifecycle Management
  • Large-Scale Data Analytics: Providing a storage platform for big data analytics applications. Ceph and Big Data Analytics
  • Web Application Hosting: Storing static assets (images, CSS, JavaScript) for web applications. Integrating Ceph with Web Servers

The RGW's S3 compatibility is a key advantage, allowing applications that are already designed to work with Amazon S3 to seamlessly integrate with Ceph.

4. Comparison with Similar Configurations

The following table compares the described Ceph Object Gateway configuration with two alternative configurations: a lower-cost entry-level configuration and a high-performance configuration.

Configuration CPU RAM Storage (Metadata) NIC Estimated Cost (USD) Performance Level
Entry-Level Dual Intel Xeon Silver 4310 (12 cores/24 threads per CPU) 128 GB DDR4 ECC Registered 3200MHz 2 x 960GB NVMe PCIe Gen3 SSD (RAID 1) 2 x 25GbE Mellanox ConnectX-5 $8,000 - $12,000 Moderate
Recommended (This Configuration) Dual Intel Xeon Gold 6338 (32 cores/64 threads per CPU) 256 GB DDR4 ECC Registered 3200MHz 2 x 1.92TB NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD (RAID 1) 2 x 100GbE Mellanox ConnectX-6 Dx $15,000 - $20,000 High
High-Performance Dual Intel Xeon Platinum 8380 (40 cores/80 threads per CPU) 512 GB DDR4 ECC Registered 3200MHz 2 x 3.84TB NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD (RAID 1) 2 x 200GbE Mellanox ConnectX-7 $30,000 - $40,000 Very High

Considerations: The entry-level configuration is suitable for small deployments and testing purposes. However, it may struggle to handle high workloads. The high-performance configuration is ideal for demanding applications that require maximum throughput and low latency. The recommended configuration represents a good balance between performance and cost. Cost Analysis of Ceph Deployments

Alternative Storage Solutions: Other object storage solutions include:

5. Maintenance Considerations

Maintaining a Ceph Object Gateway cluster requires careful attention to several key aspects:

  • Cooling: The high-density server hardware generates significant heat. Adequate cooling is essential to prevent overheating and ensure reliable operation. Rack-mounted cooling solutions and proper airflow management are crucial. Data Center Cooling Best Practices
  • Power Requirements: The servers require a substantial amount of power. Ensure that the data center has sufficient power capacity and redundancy. Utilize redundant power supplies (as specified above) to protect against power outages. Data Center Power Management
  • Software Updates: Regularly update the Ceph software and operating system to benefit from bug fixes, security patches, and performance improvements. Follow a well-defined update procedure to minimize downtime. Ceph Software Updates and Maintenance
  • Monitoring: Implement comprehensive monitoring to track the health and performance of the cluster. Monitor key metrics such as CPU utilization, memory usage, disk I/O, and network traffic. Ceph Monitoring Tools and Techniques Utilize tools like Prometheus and Grafana for visualization.
  • Log Analysis: Regularly analyze logs to identify potential issues and troubleshoot problems. Centralized logging systems can simplify log management. Ceph Log Analysis and Troubleshooting
  • Drive Failure Handling: Ceph is designed to handle drive failures gracefully. However, it is important to have a process in place for replacing failed drives promptly. Ceph Drive Failure and Recovery
  • Network Configuration: Maintain a stable and reliable network connection between the RGW nodes and the OSD nodes. Monitor network latency and bandwidth utilization. Ceph Network Troubleshooting
  • Security: Implement appropriate security measures to protect the data stored in the Ceph cluster. This includes configuring access control policies, encrypting data in transit and at rest, and regularly auditing security logs. Ceph Security Best Practices

Remote Management: Implementing a robust remote management solution, such as IPMI or Redfish, is essential for managing the servers remotely. Server Remote Management Techniques ```


Intel-Based Server Configurations

Configuration Specifications Benchmark
Core i7-6700K/7700 Server 64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 512 GB CPU Benchmark: 8046
Core i7-8700 Server 64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2x1 TB CPU Benchmark: 13124
Core i9-9900K Server 128 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 1 TB CPU Benchmark: 49969
Core i9-13900 Server (64GB) 64 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD
Core i9-13900 Server (128GB) 128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD
Core i5-13500 Server (64GB) 64 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD
Core i5-13500 Server (128GB) 128 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD
Core i5-13500 Workstation 64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2 NVMe SSD, NVIDIA RTX 4000

AMD-Based Server Configurations

Configuration Specifications Benchmark
Ryzen 5 3600 Server 64 GB RAM, 2x480 GB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 17849
Ryzen 7 7700 Server 64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2x1 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 35224
Ryzen 9 5950X Server 128 GB RAM, 2x4 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 46045
Ryzen 9 7950X Server 128 GB DDR5 ECC, 2x2 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 63561
EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/1TB) 128 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/2TB) 128 GB RAM, 2 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/4TB) 128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/1TB) 256 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/4TB) 256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 9454P Server 256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe

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⚠️ *Note: All benchmark scores are approximate and may vary based on configuration. Server availability subject to stock.* ⚠️

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