Ceph Network Configuration

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  1. Ceph Network Configuration - Deep Dive

This document details a high-performance Ceph cluster network configuration optimized for both capacity and performance. It provides a comprehensive overview of the hardware specifications, performance characteristics, recommended use cases, comparisons to similar configurations, and crucial maintenance considerations. This configuration targets large-scale object storage, block storage, and file system deployments utilizing Ceph.

1. Hardware Specifications

This Ceph cluster is designed around a distributed architecture, utilizing a combination of dedicated monitor, OSD (Object Storage Daemon), and manager nodes. The following specifications detail the hardware used in each node type. Networking is a critical component, and high-bandwidth, low-latency connectivity is prioritized throughout.

1.1. Monitor Nodes (3 Nodes)

Monitor nodes are responsible for maintaining the cluster map and ensuring its consistency. They require high availability and reliability but are less resource-intensive than OSD nodes.

Component Specification
CPU Dual Intel Xeon Gold 6338 (32 cores/64 threads per CPU)
RAM 128 GB DDR4-3200 ECC Registered (8 x 16GB DIMMs)
Storage 2 x 480GB NVMe SSD (RAID 1 - for OS and Monitor Data) - [NVMe Technology]
Network Interface 2 x 100GbE Mellanox ConnectX-6 Dx Network Adapter - [Mellanox ConnectX-6]
Power Supply 800W Redundant Power Supplies (80+ Platinum)
Operating System Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS

1.2. OSD Nodes (12 Nodes)

OSD nodes are the workhorses of the Ceph cluster, responsible for storing and retrieving data. They require significant processing power, memory, and storage capacity.

Component Specification
CPU Dual Intel Xeon Gold 6348 (28 cores/56 threads per CPU)
RAM 256 GB DDR4-3200 ECC Registered (16 x 16GB DIMMs)
Storage 12 x 16TB SAS 7.2K RPM Enterprise Hard Drives (per node) - [SAS HDD Technology]
2 x 960GB NVMe SSD (for Journal/WAL - RAID 1) - [Ceph Journaling]
Network Interface 2 x 100GbE Mellanox ConnectX-6 Dx Network Adapter
2 x 25GbE Mellanox ConnectX-5 Network Adapter (for client access - see Ceph Client Connectivity)
RAID Controller Broadcom MegaRAID SAS 9361-8i (Hardware RAID for Journal/WAL)
Power Supply 1600W Redundant Power Supplies (80+ Titanium)
Operating System Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS

1.3. Manager Nodes (3 Nodes)

Manager nodes handle cluster management tasks, health monitoring, and dashboard functionality. They require moderate resources.

Component Specification
CPU Dual Intel Xeon Silver 4310 (12 cores/24 threads per CPU)
RAM 64 GB DDR4-3200 ECC Registered (4 x 16GB DIMMs)
Storage 2 x 480GB NVMe SSD (RAID 1 – for OS and Manager Data)
Network Interface 2 x 10GbE Intel X710-DA4 Network Adapter
Power Supply 750W Redundant Power Supplies (80+ Gold)
Operating System Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS

1.4. Networking Infrastructure

  • **Switches:** Arista 7050X Series switches providing 100GbE and 25GbE connectivity. [Arista Networks]
  • **Cables:** QSFP28 Direct Attach Cables (DAC) for 100GbE connections and SFP28 DAC for 25GbE connections.
  • **Network Topology:** A full mesh topology between monitor nodes and a spine-leaf architecture for OSD and manager nodes. Ceph Network Topology
  • **VLANs:** Separate VLANs for public and private network traffic. Ceph Network Segmentation

2. Performance Characteristics

This configuration is designed to deliver high throughput, low latency, and excellent scalability. The 100GbE network backbone is crucial for achieving these goals.

2.1. Benchmark Results

  • **IOPS (Random Read/Write):** Approximately 500,000 IOPS with a 4KB block size. Ceph Performance Tuning
  • **Throughput (Sequential Read/Write):** Up to 20 GB/s with a 1MB block size.
  • **Latency (Random Read/Write):** Average latency of 0.5ms - 1.5ms.
  • **Rados Bench:** Using `rados bench` with a 100GB object size, we observed sustained write speeds of 15 GB/s and read speeds of 18 GB/s. See Rados Benchmarking for details.
  • **FIO Benchmarks:** FIO tests demonstrate consistent performance across various workloads, including random read/write, sequential read/write, and mixed workloads. Detailed FIO configuration files are available in the Ceph Configuration Repository.

2.2. Real-World Performance

  • **Object Storage:** Handling millions of small objects with low latency and high throughput. Ideal for cloud storage applications.
  • **Block Storage:** Providing consistent performance for virtual machines and databases. Performance is comparable to dedicated SAN solutions. Ceph RBD Performance
  • **File System:** Supporting large file sizes and concurrent access with excellent scalability. CephFS Performance
  • **Erasure Coding Overhead:** Implementing erasure coding (e.g., k=8, m=2) results in approximately 40% storage overhead, but significantly improves data durability and reduces storage costs. Ceph Erasure Coding

2.3. Network Bottleneck Analysis

Using tools like `tcpdump` and `iftop`, we identified that the network rarely becomes a bottleneck under typical workloads. The 100GbE infrastructure provides ample bandwidth. However, careful monitoring is required to identify potential congestion points during peak usage. Ceph Network Monitoring



3. Recommended Use Cases

This Ceph network configuration is well-suited for a variety of demanding applications:

  • **Cloud Storage:** Providing scalable and reliable object storage for public and private clouds.
  • **Virtual Machine Storage:** Serving as the storage backend for virtualization platforms like OpenStack and VMware. Ceph and OpenStack
  • **Large-Scale Databases:** Supporting high-performance databases that require low latency and high throughput.
  • **Big Data Analytics:** Storing and processing large datasets for data analytics and machine learning applications.
  • **Media Storage & Delivery:** Storing and streaming large media files.
  • **Backup & Disaster Recovery:** Providing a robust and scalable backup and disaster recovery solution.
  • **Archive Storage:** Long term storage of infrequently accessed data.



4. Comparison with Similar Configurations

The following table compares this configuration to two other common Ceph network configurations:

Configuration Network Speed OSD Node Count Estimated Cost Performance Scalability
Configuration A (Entry-Level) 10GbE 8 $50,000 - $75,000 Moderate Limited
Configuration B (Mid-Range) 25GbE 12 $100,000 - $150,000 Good Good
Configuration C (High-Performance - This Document) 100GbE 12 $200,000 - $300,000 Excellent Excellent
    • Configuration A:** Suitable for small to medium-sized deployments with limited performance requirements. The 10GbE network can become a bottleneck under heavy load.
    • Configuration B:** Offers a good balance of performance and cost. The 25GbE network provides a significant improvement over 10GbE, but may still be insufficient for very demanding applications.
    • Configuration C (This Document):** Delivers the highest performance and scalability, making it ideal for large-scale deployments and demanding applications. The 100GbE network ensures that the network is not a limiting factor. The increased RAM and CPU cores in all nodes also contribute significantly.


5. Maintenance Considerations

Maintaining the health and performance of this Ceph cluster requires careful planning and regular maintenance.

5.1. Cooling

  • The OSD nodes generate significant heat due to the high-density storage and processing power.
  • A robust cooling system is essential to prevent overheating and ensure reliable operation.
  • Hot aisle/cold aisle containment is recommended.
  • Redundant cooling units are crucial to maintain uptime in the event of a cooling system failure. Data Center Cooling

5.2. Power Requirements

  • The cluster requires a significant amount of power.
  • Dedicated power circuits and redundant power supplies are essential.
  • Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) are recommended to protect against power outages. UPS Systems
  • Power Distribution Units (PDUs) with remote monitoring and control are recommended for efficient power management.

5.3. Network Monitoring & Troubleshooting

  • Regularly monitor network performance using tools like `tcpdump`, `iftop`, and network monitoring software. Ceph Network Monitoring Tools
  • Identify and resolve network congestion points promptly.
  • Ensure that network cables and connectors are properly maintained.
  • Implement a robust network troubleshooting plan. Ceph Network Troubleshooting

5.4. Hardware Maintenance

  • Regularly check the health of all hardware components, including CPUs, RAM, storage drives, and network interfaces.
  • Replace failed components promptly.
  • Keep firmware and drivers up to date.
  • Implement a regular data scrubbing schedule to ensure data integrity. Ceph Data Scrubbing

5.5. Software Updates

  • Keep the Ceph software up to date with the latest releases.
  • Test updates in a staging environment before deploying them to production.
  • Follow the Ceph upgrade documentation carefully. Ceph Upgrade Guide

5.6. Security Considerations

  • Implement strong security measures to protect the cluster from unauthorized access.
  • Enable Ceph authentication and authorization. Ceph Security
  • Encrypt data in transit and at rest. Ceph Data Encryption
  • Regularly audit the cluster for security vulnerabilities.


Intel-Based Server Configurations

Configuration Specifications Benchmark
Core i7-6700K/7700 Server 64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 512 GB CPU Benchmark: 8046
Core i7-8700 Server 64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2x1 TB CPU Benchmark: 13124
Core i9-9900K Server 128 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 1 TB CPU Benchmark: 49969
Core i9-13900 Server (64GB) 64 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD
Core i9-13900 Server (128GB) 128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD
Core i5-13500 Server (64GB) 64 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD
Core i5-13500 Server (128GB) 128 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD
Core i5-13500 Workstation 64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2 NVMe SSD, NVIDIA RTX 4000

AMD-Based Server Configurations

Configuration Specifications Benchmark
Ryzen 5 3600 Server 64 GB RAM, 2x480 GB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 17849
Ryzen 7 7700 Server 64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2x1 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 35224
Ryzen 9 5950X Server 128 GB RAM, 2x4 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 46045
Ryzen 9 7950X Server 128 GB DDR5 ECC, 2x2 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 63561
EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/1TB) 128 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/2TB) 128 GB RAM, 2 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/4TB) 128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/1TB) 256 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/4TB) 256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 9454P Server 256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe

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⚠️ *Note: All benchmark scores are approximate and may vary based on configuration. Server availability subject to stock.* ⚠️

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