Cloud Database Services

Cloud Database Services - Technical Documentation

Overview

Cloud Database Services represent a highly optimized server configuration designed to host and manage demanding database workloads in a cloud environment. This document details the hardware specifications, performance characteristics, suitable use cases, comparisons to similar configurations, and essential maintenance considerations for this platform. The goal of this configuration is to provide high availability, scalability, and performance for mission-critical database applications. It is a foundational component of our 'Aether' cloud infrastructure. This documentation is intended for system administrators, database administrators, and hardware engineers responsible for deploying and maintaining these services. See also Cloud Infrastructure Overview for a broader context.

1. Hardware Specifications

This configuration utilizes a distributed, scale-out architecture. Individual nodes are powerful, but the true strength lies in their coordinated operation. The following specifications represent a single node within a typical cluster. We utilize a three-tier architecture: Compute, Storage, and Networking, all optimized for database performance.

Compute Nodes

These nodes handle the database processing logic and query execution.

Component	Specification
CPU	Dual Intel Xeon Platinum 8480+ (56 cores / 112 threads per CPU, 2.0 GHz base frequency, up to 3.8 GHz Turbo Boost)
CPU Cache	105MB L3 Cache (per CPU)
RAM	512GB DDR5 ECC Registered DIMMs, 4800 MHz, 16 x 32GB modules
Motherboard	Supermicro X13DEI-N6, Dual Socket LGA 4677
Network Interface	Dual 200GbE Mellanox ConnectX-7 Network Adapters (RDMA capable)
RAID Controller	Broadcom MegaRAID SAS 9460-8i (Hardware RAID, supports RAID 1, 5, 6, 10) - Used for OS and temporary data.
OS Boot Drive	1TB NVMe PCIe Gen5 SSD (Samsung PM1733)
Power Supply	3000W Redundant Platinum Power Supplies (80+ Platinum Certified)
Chassis	2U Rackmount Server Chassis (Supermicro 847E16-R1200B)

Storage Nodes

Dedicated storage nodes provide high-capacity and high-performance storage for database data and logs. These nodes utilize NVMe-oF to deliver low-latency access.

Component	Specification
CPU	Dual Intel Xeon Gold 6430 (16 cores / 32 threads per CPU, 2.1 GHz base frequency, up to 3.4 GHz Turbo Boost)
RAM	256GB DDR5 ECC Registered DIMMs, 4800 MHz, 8 x 32GB modules
Storage	32 x 30TB SAS 12Gbps 7.2K RPM Enterprise HDD (configured in RAID 6 for data protection) - Primary Data Storage. See Storage Tiering for details.
NVMe-oF Cache	8 x 7.68TB NVMe PCIe Gen4 SSD (Intel Optane P4800X) – Used as a read/write cache for frequently accessed data.
Network Interface	Dual 100GbE Mellanox ConnectX-7 Network Adapters (RDMA capable)
RAID Controller	Broadcom MegaRAID SAS 9460-8i (Hardware RAID, supports RAID 6, 60)
Power Supply	2000W Redundant Platinum Power Supplies (80+ Platinum Certified)
Chassis	4U Rackmount Server Chassis (Supermicro 847E26-R1200B)

Networking Infrastructure

The interconnect between compute and storage nodes is critical.

Component	Specification
Network Fabric	Leaf-Spine Architecture utilizing Arista 7060CX-32S switches
Interconnect Speed	400GbE
Protocol	RoCEv2 (RDMA over Converged Ethernet) – See RDMA Protocol Details
Cables	DAC (Direct Attach Copper) cables for short-range connections.

2. Performance Characteristics

This configuration is designed for high transaction rates, low latency, and large data processing capabilities.

Benchmark Results

**TPC-C:** A TPC-C benchmark on a 3-node cluster achieved 2,500,000 Transactions Per Minute (tpmC) with a New Order Price/Performance of $12.50/tpmC. Detailed benchmark reports are available in Benchmark Reports Archive.
**TPC-H:** A TPC-H benchmark with a 1TB dataset completed the Q1 query in 45 seconds.
**IOPS (Storage):** The NVMe-oF cache provides sustained IOPS of over 1 million with an average latency of under 100 microseconds. See Storage Performance Analysis for detailed IOPS graphs.
**Network Latency:** Average network latency between compute and storage nodes is less than 100 nanoseconds due to RDMA.
**Database specific benchmarks:** PostgreSQL, MySQL, and Oracle databases have been tested, demonstrating optimal performance within the constraints of each database engine. Consult Database Engine Performance Comparison for specific results.

Real-World Performance

In a production environment hosting a large e-commerce platform, this configuration sustained over 100,000 concurrent users with an average response time of 200 milliseconds for product searches and 500 milliseconds for order placement. Monitoring data indicates a CPU utilization of around 60% and memory utilization of around 70% during peak load. Storage I/O was consistently within acceptable limits due to the NVMe-oF caching. See Performance Monitoring Dashboard for live performance data.

3. Recommended Use Cases

This server configuration is ideal for the following applications:

**High-Volume Transaction Processing (OLTP):** Applications requiring a large number of small, concurrent transactions, such as financial trading systems, e-commerce platforms, and online gaming.
**Real-Time Analytics:** Applications that need to analyze large datasets in real-time, such as fraud detection, anomaly detection, and personalized recommendations.
**Data Warehousing:** Storing and analyzing large volumes of historical data for business intelligence and reporting.
**NoSQL Databases:** Hosting NoSQL databases like Cassandra, MongoDB, and Redis that require high scalability and availability.
**In-Memory Databases:** Supporting in-memory database solutions like SAP HANA and Redis for ultra-low latency access. See In-Memory Database Considerations.
**Mission-Critical Database Applications:** Any application where data integrity, availability, and performance are paramount.

4. Comparison with Similar Configurations

This configuration is positioned as a high-end solution. Here's a comparison with other common server configurations:

Configuration	CPU	RAM	Storage	Network	Cost (Approx.)	Use Cases
Entry-Level Database Server	Dual Intel Xeon Silver 4310	128GB DDR4	8 x 4TB SATA HDD	Dual 1GbE	$10,000	Small to medium-sized databases, development/testing environments
Mid-Range Database Server	Dual Intel Xeon Gold 6338	256GB DDR4	8 x 8TB SAS HDD + 2 x 1TB NVMe SSD	Dual 10GbE	$25,000	Medium-sized databases, moderate transaction volumes, reporting
Cloud Database Services (This Config)	Dual Intel Xeon Platinum 8480+	512GB DDR5	32 x 30TB SAS HDD + 8 x 7.68TB NVMe SSD (NVMe-oF)	Dual 200GbE (RDMA)	$75,000	Large-scale databases, high transaction volumes, real-time analytics, mission-critical applications
High-End In-Memory Database Server	Dual Intel Xeon Platinum 8380	1TB DDR4	16 x 4TB NVMe SSD	Dual 100GbE (RDMA)	$100,000+	In-memory databases (SAP HANA, Redis), ultra-low latency applications

This configuration differentiates itself through its use of the latest generation Intel Xeon Platinum processors, large memory capacity, NVMe-oF caching, and high-speed RDMA networking. These features result in significantly higher performance and scalability compared to the other configurations. See Cost Benefit Analysis for a more detailed economic justification.

5. Maintenance Considerations

Maintaining the Cloud Database Services configuration requires careful planning and execution.

Cooling

The high density of components generates significant heat. The data center must have adequate cooling capacity to maintain a stable operating temperature. We recommend maintaining a data center temperature between 20°C and 24°C (68°F and 75°F). Hot aisle/cold aisle containment is crucial. Each server node requires approximately 15,000 BTU/hr of cooling. See Data Center Cooling Best Practices.

Power Requirements

Each compute node requires a dedicated 30A circuit. Each storage node requires a dedicated 20A circuit. Redundant power distribution units (PDUs) are essential to ensure high availability. The entire cluster is estimated to consume approximately 20kW. Power monitoring and management are critical. See Power Management Procedures.

Storage Maintenance

**RAID Rebuilds:** RAID rebuilds can impact performance. Automated monitoring and alerting are essential to detect and address failing drives promptly. Consider using hot spare drives to minimize downtime.
**Storage Tiering:** Regularly review and adjust storage tiering policies to optimize performance and cost. See Storage Tiering Policy for details.
**Data Backup & Recovery:** Implement a robust data backup and recovery strategy. Regularly test backups to ensure data integrity and recoverability. See Data Backup and Recovery Plan.

Network Maintenance

**Firmware Updates:** Keep network adapter firmware up to date to ensure optimal performance and security.
**Network Monitoring:** Monitor network latency and bandwidth utilization to identify and resolve potential bottlenecks.
**RDMA Configuration:** Verify RDMA configuration to ensure proper operation and performance.

Server Updates & Patching

**OS Updates:** Regularly apply operating system updates and security patches. Automated patching tools can help streamline this process.
**Firmware Updates:** Update server firmware (BIOS, BMC, etc.) to address bugs and improve performance.
**Database Software Updates:** Apply database software updates and patches according to the vendor's recommendations. See Database Update Procedures.

Environmental Monitoring

Implement a comprehensive environmental monitoring system to track temperature, humidity, and power consumption within the server room. Alerts should be configured to notify administrators of any deviations from acceptable ranges.

Intel-Based Server Configurations

Configuration	Specifications	Benchmark
Core i7-6700K/7700 Server	64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 512 GB	CPU Benchmark: 8046
Core i7-8700 Server	64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2x1 TB	CPU Benchmark: 13124
Core i9-9900K Server	128 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 1 TB	CPU Benchmark: 49969
Core i9-13900 Server (64GB)	64 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD
Core i9-13900 Server (128GB)	128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD
Core i5-13500 Server (64GB)	64 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD
Core i5-13500 Server (128GB)	128 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD
Core i5-13500 Workstation	64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2 NVMe SSD, NVIDIA RTX 4000

AMD-Based Server Configurations

Configuration	Specifications	Benchmark
Ryzen 5 3600 Server	64 GB RAM, 2x480 GB NVMe	CPU Benchmark: 17849
Ryzen 7 7700 Server	64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2x1 TB NVMe	CPU Benchmark: 35224
Ryzen 9 5950X Server	128 GB RAM, 2x4 TB NVMe	CPU Benchmark: 46045
Ryzen 9 7950X Server	128 GB DDR5 ECC, 2x2 TB NVMe	CPU Benchmark: 63561
EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/1TB)	128 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe	CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/2TB)	128 GB RAM, 2 TB NVMe	CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/4TB)	128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe	CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/1TB)	256 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe	CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/4TB)	256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe	CPU Benchmark: 48021
EPYC 9454P Server	256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe

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⚠️ *Note: All benchmark scores are approximate and may vary based on configuration. Server availability subject to stock.* ⚠️