Server Performance
Server Performance: Detailed Technical Documentation for High-Density Compute Clusters
This document provides an exhaustive technical overview and operational guide for the High-Density Compute Cluster (HDCC) Configuration, hereafter referred to as the "Performance Server." This configuration is specifically engineered for workloads demanding high core counts, massive memory bandwidth, and low-latency NVMe storage access.
1. Hardware Specifications
The Performance Server configuration is based on a dual-socket motherboard architecture optimized for Intel Xeon Scalable processors, featuring extensive PCIe lane allocation and high-speed interconnect capabilities.
1.1 Core Processing Unit (CPU)
The system utilizes two (2) of the latest generation server-grade CPUs, selected for their high core density and superior memory controller performance.
| Parameter | Specification (Per Socket) | Total System Specification |
|---|---|---|
| Processor Model | Intel Xeon Platinum 8592+ (Sapphire Rapids Refresh) | Dual Socket Configuration |
| Core Count (P-Cores) | 60 Physical Cores | 120 Physical Cores |
| Thread Count (Hyper-Threading Enabled) | 120 Logical Threads | 240 Logical Threads |
| Base Clock Frequency | 2.0 GHz | 2.0 GHz (Nominal) |
| Max Turbo Frequency (Single Thread) | Up to 3.9 GHz | Varies based on Thermal Headroom |
| L3 Cache (Total) | 112.5 MB (Intel Smart Cache) | 225 MB Total |
| TDP (Thermal Design Power) | 350W | 700W (CPU Only) |
| Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Support | AVX-512 (VNNI, BF16, VP2INTERSECT) | Full Support |
1.2 System Memory (RAM)
Memory configuration prioritizes capacity and bandwidth, utilizing the maximum supported channels per CPU socket (8 channels) to ensure the CPU cores are not starved of data. DDR5 technology is mandated for superior frequency and reduced latency compared to previous generations.
| Parameter | Specification | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| Memory Type | DDR5 ECC RDIMM | Error Correction and high-speed operation. |
| Total Capacity | 2048 GB (2 TB) | Optimized for large in-memory datasets and virtualization density. |
| Configuration | 16 x 128 GB DIMMs | Populating 8 channels per socket (16 total DIMMs) for optimal interleaving and bandwidth utilization. |
| Memory Speed | DDR5-5600 MT/s (JEDEC Standard) | Achieves peak transfer rate supported by the CPU memory controller under full load. |
| Memory Bandwidth (Theoretical Maximum) | ~410 GB/s (Per Socket) | Total theoretical bandwidth exceeding 820 GB/s. |
Further details on memory configuration optimization can be found in the Memory Interleaving Strategies documentation.
1.3 Storage Subsystem
The storage architecture is heterogeneous, balancing high-speed transactional storage with high-capacity archival storage, all connected via high-speed PCIe Gen 5 lanes.
1.3.1 Primary Storage (OS/Boot/Cache)
The primary tier utilizes NVMe SSDs connected directly via PCIe lanes for maximum IOPS and minimum latency.
| Slot | Form Factor | Capacity | Interface | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NVMe Slot 1-4 (OS/Boot) | M.2 22110 | 4 x 3.84 TB | PCIe Gen 5 x4 (Direct CPU Attached) | Redundant OS/Hypervisor Installation (RAID 10 equivalent via software layering) |
| NVMe Slot 5-8 (Working Data) | U.2 (Hot-Swap Carrier) | 4 x 7.68 TB | PCIe Gen 5 x4 (Via PCIe Switch/Expander) | High-Throughput Scratch Space / Database Transaction Logs |
1.3.2 Secondary Storage (Bulk Data)
For capacity-optimized storage, SAS/SATA drives are utilized, connected via a high-performance RAID controller.
| Parameter | Specification | |
|---|---|---|
| RAID Controller Model | Broadcom MegaRAID 9750-16i (Supporting PCIe Gen 5) | |
| Drive Count | 16 x 16 TB SAS SSDs (Mixed Workload Optimized) | |
| RAID Level | RAID 60 | |
| Usable Capacity (Approximate) | 192 TB | |
| Sustained Throughput (Target) | > 15 GB/s |
For advanced storage considerations, refer to NVMe Over Fabrics (NVMe-oF) Implementation.
1.4 Networking Interface Cards (NICs)
Network connectivity is paramount for clustered environments requiring fast inter-node communication. The configuration mandates dual-port high-speed adapters.
| Port Type | Speed | Interface | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Data Network | 200 GbE | Mellanox ConnectX-7 (PCIe Gen 5 x16) | Cluster Interconnect (RDMA/RoCEv2 Capable) |
| Management/IPMI Network | 1 GbE | Dedicated Baseboard Management Controller (BMC) Port | Out-of-Band Management and Telemetry |
| Storage Network (Optional) | 100 GbE | Secondary ConnectX-7 Adapter | Dedicated iSCSI or NVMe-oF Target Traffic |
The use of Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) is strongly recommended for all cluster communication paths to bypass the kernel network stack overhead.
1.5 Power and Chassis
The system is housed in a 4U rackmount chassis designed for high thermal dissipation.
| Component | Specification | |
|---|---|---|
| Chassis Form Factor | 4U Rackmount | |
| Power Supply Units (PSUs) | 2 x 2400W Platinum Rated (N+1 Redundant) | Required to handle peak CPU/GPU (if applicable) and storage power draw. |
| Total Peak Power Draw (Estimated) | ~1800W (CPU/RAM/Storage only; without accelerators) | |
| Cooling Solution | Direct Heat Pipe to Front-to-Back Airflow (High Static Pressure Fans) | Critical for maintaining P-state performance under sustained load. |
2. Performance Characteristics
The Performance Server configuration is designed to excel in throughput-intensive, parallelized workloads. Performance metrics are derived from standardized Synthetic Benchmarks (SPEC) and real-world application profiling.
2.1 CPU Performance Metrics
The combination of high core count (120C/240T) and wide vector units (AVX-512) yields substantial throughput capabilities.
| Configuration | Score (Reference: 1.0) | Improvement Factor |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline (Previous Gen Dual 32C) | 750 | N/A |
| Performance Server (Current Config) | 1480 | ~1.97x |
| Single-Thread Performance (SPECspeed) | 365 | (Used for latency-sensitive tasks) |
The high L3 cache size (225MB total) significantly benefits workloads with moderate working sets that fit entirely within the cache hierarchy, reducing reliance on main memory access.
2.2 Memory Bandwidth and Latency
Achieving the theoretical DDR5-5600 MT/s bandwidth requires careful tuning of DIMM population and operating system memory policies.
Measured Bandwidth (AIDA64 Memory Read Test, Dual Socket):
- Peak Sequential Read Rate: 795 GB/s
- Effective Random Read Rate (128KB block): 610 GB/s
Latency remains a critical factor, especially for HPC simulations. The measured average latency to L1 cache is sub-1ns, while the latency to DRAM (first access after cold miss) averages **85ns**. This latency is acceptable given the 2 TB capacity, but users should consult NUMA Node Utilization Guidelines if latency requirements fall below 60ns.
2.3 Storage IOPS and Throughput
The PCIe Gen 5 storage subsystem delivers performance metrics far exceeding traditional SAS/SATA arrays.
2.3.1 NVMe Performance
The 8-drive primary NVMe array, configured for high parallelism across both CPU sockets (via the PCIe Root Complex), demonstrates exceptional transactional capability.
| Metric | Value | Test Condition |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum IOPS (Read) | 3,800,000 IOPS | 100% Sequential Read (Q=1024) |
| Maximum IOPS (Write) | 2,950,000 IOPS | 100% Sequential Write (Q=1024) |
| Sustained Throughput (Mixed 70/30 R/W) | 32 GB/s | Sustained operation over 1 hour test duration. |
| Average Latency (Read) | 9 µs | P99 Latency |
2.3.2 Secondary Storage Performance
The RAID 60 array provides excellent durability coupled with high sequential throughput suitable for large file operations.
- Sustained Sequential Read: 14.5 GB/s
- Sustained Sequential Write: 12.1 GB/s (Accounting for parity calculation overhead)
2.4 Interconnect Performance
The 200 GbE NICs, utilizing RoCEv2, provide near-memory performance for cluster operations.
- **Infiniband Emulation (RoCEv2):** Measured Round-Trip Latency (RTL) between two nodes: **1.8 microseconds ($\mu$s)**. This performance is crucial for distributed memory operations.
- **Bandwidth Saturation:** Achieved stable throughput of 198 Gb/s bi-directionally during sustained large block transfers.
3. Recommended Use Cases
The Performance Server configuration is explicitly engineered for resource-intensive, latency-sensitive, and highly parallelizable enterprise workloads.
3.1 High-Performance Computing (HPC)
This configuration is ideally suited for computational fluid dynamics (CFD), molecular dynamics (MD), and finite element analysis (FEA).
- **Key Enabler:** The massive memory capacity (2TB) allows for large simulation meshes to reside locally within the NUMA domain of each CPU, minimizing costly remote memory access over the interconnect. The 120 physical cores provide the necessary thread count for efficient domain decomposition.
3.2 Large-Scale Data Analytics and In-Memory Databases
Workloads such as complex OLAP queries, real-time fraud detection engines, and large in-memory data grids (e.g., SAP HANA, Redis clusters) benefit immensely.
- **Key Enabler:** The 2TB RAM capacity allows hosting multi-terabyte datasets entirely in memory. The blazing fast NVMe Gen 5 storage tier ensures that even when spills occur or large intermediate results are written, I/O latency remains minimal (< 10 $\mu$s). Consult Database Server Tuning for specific OS parameter tuning.
3.3 Advanced AI/ML Training (Pre-GPU Acceleration)
While this server lacks dedicated high-end GPUs (e.g., NVIDIA H100/B200), it is exceptionally well-suited for CPU-based inference serving, data preprocessing, and the initial stages of model training (e.g., feature engineering, data loading pipelines).
- **Key Enabler:** The high memory bandwidth and core count accelerate data manipulation tasks required before feeding data into specialized accelerators. The AVX-512 extensions provide significant speedups for specific mathematical kernels used in older or CPU-optimized deep learning frameworks.
3.4 High-Density Virtualization and Container Orchestration
For environments requiring the consolidation of hundreds of virtual machines or containers onto a single physical host while maintaining high Quality of Service (QoS).
- **Key Enabler:** 240 logical threads and 2TB of RAM allow for the safe oversubscription of resources while guaranteeing substantial dedicated allocations to critical workloads. The fast local storage ensures rapid VM boot times and low latency for container file systems. See Hypervisor Configuration Best Practices.
4. Comparison with Similar Configurations
To contextualize the Performance Server, we compare it against two common alternatives: the "Balanced Server" (optimized for general virtualization/web serving) and the "Storage Density Server" (optimized for archival storage).
4.1 Configuration Comparison Table
| Feature | Performance Server (HDCC) | Balanced Server (General Purpose) | Storage Density Server (Capacity Focus) |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPU (Total Cores) | 120 Cores (High TDP) | 64 Cores (Mid TDP) | 48 Cores (Low TDP) |
| Total RAM | 2048 GB DDR5-5600 | 512 GB DDR5-4800 | 256 GB DDR4-3200 |
| Primary Storage | 8 x PCIe Gen 5 NVMe (High IOPS) | 4 x PCIe Gen 4 U.2 NVMe | 2 x M.2 SATA (Boot Only) |
| Bulk Storage Bays | 16 SAS/SATA Bays | 12 SAS/SATA Bays | 48 x 3.5" HDD Bays |
| Network Interconnect | 200 GbE RoCEv2 | 2 x 25 GbE | 2 x 10 GbE |
| Max Power Draw (Est.) | ~1800W | ~1000W | ~950W (Lower CPU/RAM) |
4.2 Performance Trade-offs Analysis
Vs. Balanced Server: The Performance Server offers approximately 1.8x the core count and 4x the memory capacity, resulting in significantly higher throughput for parallel tasks. However, the Balanced Server offers a better $/performance ratio for workloads that are not memory-bound or heavily multi-threaded, such as typical web application serving or standard virtualization hosting where I/O latency is less critical than aggregate cost.
Vs. Storage Density Server: The Storage Density Server sacrifices CPU and memory performance entirely to maximize the number of attached spinning disks (up to 400TB+ raw capacity). The Performance Server's focus on NVMe and high-speed fabric (200GbE) makes it unsuitable for archival or tape replacement roles but indispensable for transactional systems requiring immediate data access. Refer to Storage Hierarchy Tiers for placement guidelines.
4.3 Accelerator Configuration Note
It is critical to note that the Performance Server chassis supports up to 4 full-height, double-width PCIe Gen 5 x16 slots. While the base configuration omits accelerators, this platform is fully capable of supporting GPU acceleration (e.g., NVIDIA L40S or equivalent). Integrating accelerators would shift the performance profile drastically toward AI/ML training, necessitating a review of Power Budgeting for Accelerators.
5. Maintenance Considerations
The high-density, high-power nature of the Performance Server demands stringent operational and maintenance protocols to ensure sustained performance and longevity.
5.1 Thermal Management and Cooling
The 700W CPU TDP alone, combined with high-speed memory and storage components, generates significant heat rejection into the data center environment.
- **Airflow Requirements:** The facility must maintain a minimum static pressure differential across the rack/row to ensure the server's high-static pressure fans can effectively draw cool air through the dense component stack. Required minimum intake temperature is 18°C (64.4°F) to ensure stable turbo boost clocks.
- **Thermal Throttling:** If the intake air temperature exceeds 22°C, the BMC will initiate dynamic frequency scaling (downclocking the CPUs from the 3.9 GHz Turbo target to maintain safe thermal limits), directly impacting performance metrics detailed in Section 2.
- **Fan Speed Monitoring:** Fan RPMs must be continuously monitored via the Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI). Any fan operating below 70% nominal speed under load requires immediate replacement.
5.2 Power Resilience and Capacity
The dual 2400W PSUs are essential. Under peak load (e.g., simultaneous CPU stress tests and maximum NVMe write activity), the system can momentarily exceed 1800W draw.
- **UPS Sizing:** Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems supporting racks containing these servers must be sized to handle the aggregate inrush current and sustained load of all units. We recommend a minimum of 25% headroom above the calculated maximum rack draw.
- **Power Distribution Units (PDUs):** Hot-swappable PDU connections must be utilized to allow for maintenance without service interruption, leveraging the N+1 PSU redundancy. Review Data Center Power Standards for compliance.
5.3 Firmware and Driver Lifecycle Management
The performance of modern servers is highly dependent on the interaction between the operating system kernel, device drivers (especially for the network and storage controllers), and the system BIOS/UEFI firmware.
- **BIOS Updates:** Critical updates often include microcode patches that address security vulnerabilities (e.g., Spectre/Meltdown variants) or unlock new performance features (e.g., improved memory training algorithms). Updates must be performed quarterly or immediately upon release for critical security patches.
- **Storage Driver Versioning:** Storage controller firmware (e.g., Broadcom MegaRAID) and NVMe driver versions must be validated against the host OS kernel to prevent issues like Storage Controller Deadlocks or unexpected I/O latency spikes. A deviation of more than one major version from the vendor-recommended matrix is prohibited in production environments.
- **BMC Health Checks:** Automated scripts should poll the BMC every 5 minutes to check for hardware errors (ECC corrections, fan failures, PSU status) outside of standard OS monitoring tools. See Automated Hardware Diagnostics.
5.4 Data Backup and Disaster Recovery Planning
Given the criticality of the data residing on the high-speed primary storage, backup strategies must account for the rapid write speeds.
- **Backup Window:** Traditional backup methods may saturate the network or storage subsystem during the backup window. Utilize Snapshot Technology Integration (e.g., ZFS or LVM snapshots) to quiesce the workload temporarily, ensuring data consistency before performing the physical transfer.
- **Data Integrity:** Due to the extensive use of ECC memory and RAID 60, data corruption risk is low, but regular scrub operations on the bulk storage array are mandatory (monthly).
Further reading on operational excellence is available in Server Lifecycle Management Protocols.
Intel-Based Server Configurations
| Configuration | Specifications | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|
| Core i7-6700K/7700 Server | 64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 512 GB | CPU Benchmark: 8046 |
| Core i7-8700 Server | 64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2x1 TB | CPU Benchmark: 13124 |
| Core i9-9900K Server | 128 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 1 TB | CPU Benchmark: 49969 |
| Core i9-13900 Server (64GB) | 64 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD | |
| Core i9-13900 Server (128GB) | 128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD | |
| Core i5-13500 Server (64GB) | 64 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD | |
| Core i5-13500 Server (128GB) | 128 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD | |
| Core i5-13500 Workstation | 64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2 NVMe SSD, NVIDIA RTX 4000 |
AMD-Based Server Configurations
| Configuration | Specifications | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|
| Ryzen 5 3600 Server | 64 GB RAM, 2x480 GB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 17849 |
| Ryzen 7 7700 Server | 64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2x1 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 35224 |
| Ryzen 9 5950X Server | 128 GB RAM, 2x4 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 46045 |
| Ryzen 9 7950X Server | 128 GB DDR5 ECC, 2x2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 63561 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/1TB) | 128 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/2TB) | 128 GB RAM, 2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/4TB) | 128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/1TB) | 256 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/4TB) | 256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 9454P Server | 256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe |
Order Your Dedicated Server
Configure and order your ideal server configuration
Need Assistance?
- Telegram: @powervps Servers at a discounted price
⚠️ *Note: All benchmark scores are approximate and may vary based on configuration. Server availability subject to stock.* ⚠️