Server Operating Systems
- Server Operating Systems: Optimized Configuration for Enterprise Virtualization and Cloud Infrastructure
This document details the technical specifications, performance characteristics, recommended use cases, comparative analysis, and maintenance requirements for a standardized server configuration specifically optimized for hosting modern, high-density server operating systems (OS) environments, particularly focusing on enterprise virtualization platforms (e.g., VMware vSphere, Microsoft Hyper-V) and container orchestration systems (e.g., Kubernetes). This configuration prioritizes I/O throughput, memory density, and multi-core scalability essential for diverse OS workloads.
- 1. Hardware Specifications
The standardized hardware platform detailed below represents the baseline specification for enterprise-grade workloads requiring robust, high-availability operating system hosting capabilities. All components are selected to meet stringent enterprise reliability standards (e.g., MTBF > 1,000,000 hours).
- 1.1 Base Platform and Chassis
The chosen platform is a 2U rack-mount chassis, offering an optimal balance between component density and airflow management necessary for high-core-count CPUs and extensive NVMe storage arrays.
| Component | Specification | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| Chassis Type | 2U Rackmount (e.g., Dell PowerEdge R760 equivalent) | High density, excellent thermal headroom. |
| Motherboard Chipset | Intel C741 / AMD SP3r3 Equivalent | Support for high-speed PCIe lanes (Gen 5.0) and extensive DIMM population. |
| Power Supplies (PSUs) | 2 x 1600W (2N Redundant, 80+ Platinum) | Ensures N+1 redundancy and high efficiency under peak load. |
| Form Factor | 2U Rackmount | Standardized data center footprint. |
| Management Controller | Dedicated BMC (IPMI 2.0 compliant) | Essential for Remote Server Management and out-of-band diagnostics. |
- 1.2 Central Processing Units (CPUs)
The configuration mandates dual-socket deployment utilizing the latest generation of high-core-count processors optimized for virtualization density.
| Parameter | Specification (Example: Dual Intel Xeon Scalable Gen 4/5) | Specification (Example: Dual AMD EPYC Genoa/Bergamo) |
|---|---|---|
| Model Tier | High-Core Count / Mid-Frequency | High-Core Count / Mid-Frequency |
| Sockets | 2 | Maximizes available PCIe lanes and memory channels. |
| Cores per Socket (Minimum) | 48 Physical Cores (96 Threads) | Total 96 Cores / 192 Threads minimum. |
| Base Clock Frequency | 2.2 GHz | Balanced frequency for sustained turbo boost performance. |
| Max Turbo Frequency (All Core) | $\ge$ 3.5 GHz | Critical for bursty OS operations. |
| L3 Cache (Total) | $\ge$ 120 MB per socket (240 MB Total) | Large cache reduces latency to main memory. |
| TDP (Total System) | $\le$ 500W (Combined) | Thermal design power management. |
The choice of CPU directly impacts the maximum number of virtual machines (VMs) or containers that can be effectively hosted per physical server, directly relating to Virtualization Density Metrics.
- 1.3 Memory Subsystem (RAM)
Memory capacity and speed are paramount for OS consolidation, particularly when hosting memory-intensive operating systems like database servers or large-scale web caches. This configuration favors high-density, high-speed DDR5 modules.
| Parameter | Specification | Configuration Detail |
|---|---|---|
| Total Capacity (Minimum) | 1024 GB (1 TB) | Allows for high consolidation ratios. |
| Module Type | DDR5 ECC RDIMM | Error Correction Code required for enterprise stability. |
| Module Speed (Data Rate) | 4800 MT/s or higher (e.g., DDR5-5600) | Maximizes memory bandwidth for OS kernel operations. |
| Configuration | 16 x 64 GB DIMMs (Populated across 16 channels) | Ensures optimal memory interleaving and channel utilization across dual sockets. |
| Maximum Expandability | 4 TB (using 32 x 128 GB DIMMs) | Provides headroom for future OS workload growth. |
Sufficient memory bandwidth is critical; slow memory access directly impacts the responsiveness of the hosted Guest OS instances.
- 1.4 Storage Architecture
The storage subsystem is designed for maximum I/O operations per second (IOPS) and low latency, essential for rapid OS booting, logging, and transactional data handling. We employ a tiered storage approach.
- 1.4.1 Boot and OS Drive Configuration
The primary boot drives utilize high-endurance NVMe M.2 devices, often configured in RAID 1 for OS redundancy, separate from the main data storage pool.
| Parameter | Specification | Quantity |
|---|---|---|
| Drive Type | Enterprise NVMe M.2 (PCIe Gen 4/5) | 2 |
| Capacity per Drive | 1.92 TB | Sufficient space for multiple OS images and hypervisor software. |
| Endurance Rating (DWPD) | $\ge$ 3.0 Drive Writes Per Day | Required for constant OS logging and metadata updates. |
| RAID Level | RAID 1 Mirroring | High availability for the base OS image. |
- 1.4.2 Secondary Storage (Hypervisor/Data Volume)
This configuration utilizes U.2/U.3 NVMe SSDs connected directly via PCIe lanes (NVMe-oF ready) to bypass the traditional SATA/SAS controller bottleneck, achieving near-direct memory access speeds.
| Parameter | Specification | Quantity |
|---|---|---|
| Drive Type | Enterprise U.2/U.3 NVMe SSD (PCIe Gen 4/5) | 8 (Hot-swappable bays) |
| Capacity per Drive | 7.68 TB | Total raw capacity of 61.44 TB. |
| Interface | PCIe 4.0 x4 minimum | Direct connection to CPU root complex. |
| RAID/Volume Management | RAID 10 or ZFS RAID-Z2 (Software Defined Storage) | Balancing performance and redundancy for virtual disk images. |
| Expected IOPS (Sequential R/W) | $\ge$ 5.5 GB/s / $\ge$ 4.0 GB/s | Essential for rapid VM migration and snapshot operations. |
- 1.5 Networking Subsystem
High-speed networking is non-negotiable for modern server OS configurations, especially those acting as hypervisors or network gateways.
| Port Function | Specification | Quantity |
|---|---|---|
| Management (OOB) | 1GbE Dedicated BMC Port | 1 |
| Data/VM Traffic (Primary) | 2 x 25/50 GbE (LACP Bonded) | 2 |
| Storage/vMotion Traffic (Secondary) | 2 x 100 GbE (Dedicated RDMA Capable) | 2 |
| Total Throughput Potential | Up to 300 Gbps aggregate | Essential for high-speed Network Virtualization stacks. |
The use of Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) capabilities on the storage network ports is highly recommended to offload TCP/IP stack processing from the main CPU cores, improving OS responsiveness.
- 1.6 Expansion Slots (PCIe Topology)
The platform must support PCIe Gen 5.0 to future-proof the configuration and allow for high-bandwidth accelerators (GPUs, specialized FPGAs, or high-speed Fibre Channel HBAs).
The dual-socket architecture provides access to approximately 128 usable PCIe Gen 5.0 lanes.
| Slot Location | Slot Width | Function | Bandwidth (Gen 5.0) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Slot 1 (CPU 1 Root) | x16 | High-Speed Storage Controller (Optional) | 128 GB/s |
| Slot 2 (CPU 2 Root) | x16 | High-Speed Network Adapter (e.g., 200G Ethernet) | 128 GB/s |
| Slot 3 (Shared) | x8 | Hardware Security Module (HSM) or Trusted Platform Module (TPM) | 64 GB/s |
| Internal Slot (M.2/AIC) | N/A | Dedicated NVMe Boot Drives | Varies |
This robust hardware foundation provides the necessary substrate for running demanding server operating systems efficiently, minimizing hardware bottlenecks before OS tuning even begins.
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- 2. Performance Characteristics
The performance of a server OS configuration is defined by its ability to handle concurrent I/O requests, manage memory allocation efficiently, and sustain high computational throughput under load. Benchmarks below are derived from standardized testing against the specified hardware configuration running modern server OS distributions (e.g., RHEL 9, Windows Server 2022, ESXi 8.0).
- 2.1 CPU Throughput and Efficiency
The primary performance metric here is the ability to handle context switching and thread scheduling across a large number of logical processors, crucial for hypervisors managing hundreds of guest threads.
- 2.1.1 Synthetic Benchmarks (SPECrate 2017 Integer)
SPECrate benchmarks measure the throughput capacity of the system when running multiple concurrent workloads, directly simulating high-density OS environments.
| Configuration Metric | Value (Single Socket Reference) | Value (Dual Socket Target) |
|---|---|---|
| SPECrate 2017 Base Score | $\sim$ 450 | $\ge$ 950 |
| SPECrate 2017 Peak Score | $\sim$ 500 | $\ge$ 1050 |
| Performance Per Watt (Target) | $\ge$ 0.8 (SPECrate/kW) | Crucial for data center power density planning. |
This high throughput ensures that even when hosting multiple OS instances, the overhead incurred by the host OS scheduler remains minimal (typically $<5\%$ overhead).
- 2.2 Memory Latency and Bandwidth
Memory subsystem performance dictates how quickly the OS kernel can access critical data structures and how fast guest OSes can execute.
- 2.2.1 Memory Bandwidth Testing (STREAM Benchmark)
| Test Type | Configuration | Measured Bandwidth (Aggregate) | Impact on OS Performance | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **STREAM Copy** | Dual CPU, 1TB DDR5-5600 | $\ge$ 650 GB/s | High throughput for large memory page transfers (e.g., huge page support in Linux). | | **Latency (Read)** | Single Core Access | $\le$ 70 ns | Low latency is vital for OS kernel responsiveness and interrupt handling. |
The high bandwidth (650+ GB/s) ensures that CPU cores rarely stall waiting for memory fetches, directly benefiting applications running inside the hosted OS environments. This is particularly important for database OS workloads utilizing techniques like In-Memory Databases.
- 2.3 Storage I/O Performance
Storage performance is measured in terms of sustained throughput for large sequential reads/writes (e.g., backups, large file transfers) and IOPS for random 4K operations (e.g., OS boot, transactional databases).
- 2.3.1 IOPS and Latency Testing (FIO Benchmark)
The storage pool (8 x 7.68TB NVMe in RAID 10 configuration) is subjected to rigorous testing simulating mixed read/write patterns typical of virtualization storage.
| Workload Mix | IOPS (Read/Write) | Average Latency (Microseconds) |
|---|---|---|
| 100% Read | $\ge$ 2,500,000 IOPS | $< 50 \mu s$ |
| 70% Read / 30% Write (Typical VM Load) | $\ge$ 1,800,000 IOPS | $80 - 120 \mu s$ |
| 100% Write (Sequential) | $\ge$ 600,000 IOPS | $< 150 \mu s$ |
| Sustained Throughput (Sequential) | $\ge$ 15 GB/s | N/A |
The low latency ($<100 \mu s$) ensures that OS operations—such as reading configuration files, accessing page files, or responding to user input within a VM—feel nearly instantaneous, mimicking local SSD performance. This directly addresses common bottlenecks found in older Storage Area Network (SAN) configurations.
- 2.4 Network Performance
Testing focuses on maximizing throughput while minimizing CPU utilization via hardware offloading features (e.g., RDMA, TCP Segmentation Offload - TSO).
- 2.4.1 Network Throughput Testing
When using the dual 100GbE ports dedicated for storage traffic (IPoIB or NVMe-oF), sustained bidirectional throughput exceeding 180 Gbps is consistently achieved, with CPU utilization remaining below 5% due to RDMA offloading. This frees up significant CPU cycles for the hosted OS workloads.
The performance characteristics confirm that this hardware configuration is **I/O bound, not CPU bound**, allowing the server OS to be heavily utilized without hitting intrinsic hardware limitations related to data movement or processing speed. This is a key design goal for modern Cloud Computing Infrastructure.
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- 3. Recommended Use Cases
This specific hardware configuration, optimized for I/O and memory density, is ideally suited for server operating systems deployed in roles requiring high levels of resource isolation, rapid data access, and massive horizontal scalability.
- 3.1 Enterprise Virtualization Hypervisors
This is the primary deployment target. The high core count, massive memory capacity, and low-latency NVMe storage are perfect for consolidating numerous virtual machines onto a single physical host.
- **VMware vSphere/ESXi:** Capable of hosting hundreds of small to medium-sized VMs or dozens of large, resource-intensive VMs (e.g., large SQL Server instances running Windows Server OS). The ample RAM supports large memory reservations for mission-critical workloads.
- **Microsoft Hyper-V:** Excellent for Windows-centric environments, leveraging features like Dynamic Memory and Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) for high-speed virtual networking.
- **KVM/oVirt:** Provides a stable Linux-based hypervisor platform where the underlying hardware features (like IOMMU grouping) can be exposed efficiently to guest OSes.
- 3.2 Container Orchestration Platforms (Kubernetes/OpenShift)
When running containerized workloads, the system acts as a high-density compute node.
- **Control Plane Hosting:** Hosting critical control plane components (etcd, API servers) benefits immensely from the low-latency NVMe storage, as etcd operations are extremely sensitive to I/O timing.
- **Worker Nodes:** The high core count allows for scheduling hundreds of pods per node. The fast networking is crucial for pod-to-pod communication and service mesh operations. This configuration supports high Container Density.
- 3.3 High-Performance Database Servers (OS: Linux/Windows)
For operating systems dedicated to running transactional databases (OLTP) or analytical workloads (OLAP), the configuration excels due to I/O characteristics.
- **In-Memory Databases (e.g., SAP HANA):** The 1TB+ RAM capacity allows for running large in-memory database instances directly on the server OS, minimizing reliance on disk reads.
- **Transactional Databases (SQL Server, Oracle):** The high IOPS capability of the NVMe array ensures that transaction logs and data file reads/writes are processed rapidly, preventing application timeouts.
- 3.4 Software-Defined Storage (SDS) Controllers
When the server OS is configured to run SDS software (e.g., Ceph, GlusterFS, Storage Spaces Direct), this hardware provides the necessary foundation.
- **Data Locality:** The direct-attached, high-speed NVMe drives provide excellent local storage performance, which is critical for the performance of distributed storage clusters. The 100GbE RDMA links facilitate extremely fast inter-node data replication and cluster heartbeat synchronization. This minimizes latency inherent in Distributed File Systems.
- 3.5 High-Throughput Web and Application Servers
For running large-scale web stacks (e.g., Apache Tomcat, Nginx) or complex Java application servers, the configuration ensures high concurrent connection handling.
- The high core count manages the threads required for thousands of concurrent user sessions.
- The fast network fabric handles rapid ingress/egress of HTTP/S traffic.
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- 4. Comparison with Similar Configurations
To illustrate the value proposition of this optimized configuration (Configuration A), we compare it against two common, yet less specialized, server setups: a standard 1U workhorse (Configuration B) and an older generation dual-socket system (Configuration C).
- 4.1 Configuration Matrix
| Feature | Configuration A (Optimized I/O/Density) | Configuration B (1U High Density) | Configuration C (Previous Gen Workhorse) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Chassis Size** | 2U Rackmount | 1U Rackmount | 2U Rackmount | | **CPU Generation** | Latest Gen (PCIe 5.0) | Latest Gen (PCIe 5.0) | Gen 3 Equivalent (PCIe 4.0) | | **Total Cores (Min)** | 96 Cores (192 Threads) | 80 Cores (160 Threads) | 56 Cores (112 Threads) | | **Total RAM (Min)** | 1024 GB (DDR5) | 768 GB (DDR5) | 512 GB (DDR4) | | **Primary Storage** | 61 TB NVMe U.2 (Direct PCIe) | 30 TB NVMe M.2/PCIe AIC | 24 TB SAS SSD (Through RAID Controller) | | **Max Network Speed** | 2 x 100 GbE (RDMA) | 2 x 25 GbE (Standard) | 4 x 10 GbE (Standard) | | **Virtualization Density** | Highest (Excellent I/O headroom) | High (Limited by 1U cooling/storage bays) | Moderate (I/O bottlenecked) | | **Cost Index** | 1.4 (High Initial Cost) | 1.1 (Moderate Cost) | 0.8 (Lower Initial Cost) |
- 4.2 Analysis of Comparison
- 4.2.1 Configuration A vs. Configuration B (1U vs 2U)
Configuration B, being a 1U server, prioritizes floor space density over maximum component capacity. While it uses the same CPU generation, the 2U chassis of Configuration A allows for: 1. **Increased Storage Capacity and Speed:** Configuration A supports 8 U.2 NVMe drives connected directly via PCIe lanes, offering superior IOPS and lower latency compared to the typically fewer M.2 or AIC slots in a 1U server. 2. **Superior Cooling and Power Delivery:** The larger chassis volume allows for more robust cooling, enabling sustained turbo boost frequencies for the higher core count CPUs under heavy OS load (e.g., during peak virtualization consolidation).
- 4.2.2 Configuration A vs. Configuration C (New vs. Old Generation)
The comparison with Configuration C highlights the significant generational leap, especially concerning the OS hosting capabilities: 1. **Memory Performance:** DDR5 in Configuration A offers substantially higher bandwidth and lower access latency than DDR4 in Configuration C, directly improving the performance of OS kernel operations and memory management. 2. **I/O Speed:** The shift from PCIe 4.0 (Configuration C) to PCIe 5.0 (Configuration A) doubles the theoretical bandwidth per lane. For storage, this means Configuration A’s NVMe drives achieve significantly higher IOPS and throughput than the SAS SSDs in Configuration C, which are also bottlenecked by a traditional RAID controller (a source of latency). 3. **Core Efficiency:** Newer CPU architectures in Configuration A provide better Instructions Per Cycle (IPC), meaning the 96 cores of A often outperform the 112 cores of C in real-world server OS tasks.
In summary, Configuration A is the superior platform for **mission-critical workloads** where I/O latency and high consolidation density justify the increased hardware investment. Configuration B is better suited for standardized, horizontally scaled web tiers, and Configuration C is relegated to non-critical archival or staging environments.
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- 5. Maintenance Considerations
Deploying a high-density, high-power server configuration necessitates rigorous adherence to operational and maintenance protocols to ensure longevity and peak performance of the hosted server operating systems.
- 5.1 Thermal Management and Airflow
This system’s high component density (multiple CPUs, 1TB+ RAM, 8 NVMe drives) generates significant heat load, typically peaking between 1000W and 1400W under full virtualization load.
- **Rack Density:** Racks housing these servers must utilize hot/cold aisle containment to maintain inlet air temperatures below $25^{\circ} \text{C}$ ($77^{\circ} \text{F}$). Exceeding this threshold forces the BMC to throttle CPU clock speeds, directly degrading the performance of all hosted OS instances.
- **Fan Speed Control:** The system firmware must be configured to use a dynamic fan profile controlled by the BMC, prioritizing acoustic limits only during low load. During high load, fan speeds must aggressively increase to maintain core temperatures below $90^{\circ} \text{C}$.
- **Component Placement:** Ensure proper airflow baffling is in place, especially around mezzanine cards and NVMe bays, to prevent recirculation within the chassis. Poor baffling can lead to premature failure of storage components. Data Center Cooling Strategies are paramount here.
- 5.2 Power Requirements and Redundancy
With dual 1600W Platinum-rated PSUs, the system demands reliable, conditioned power.
- **UPS Sizing:** The Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system must be sized not only for the server's peak draw but also to sustain the required runtime for a graceful OS shutdown sequence (typically 5-10 minutes). A minimum PDU capacity of 3kVA per rack unit housing these servers is recommended.
- **Firmware Management:** Regular updates to the BIOS/UEFI and especially the BMC firmware are essential. Newer firmware often includes critical microcode updates that improve OS scheduling efficiency (e.g., Spectre/Meltdown mitigations that reduce performance overhead).
- 5.3 Storage Maintenance and Longevity
The intensive I/O profile of virtualization environments places significant wear on NVMe drives.
- **SMART Monitoring:** Proactive monitoring of the **Media Wearout Indicator** (using SMART data) for all NVMe drives is mandatory. Drives approaching $80\%$ of their rated endurance should be pre-staged for replacement to prevent unexpected failure, which could impact the integrity of the software-defined storage array.
- **OS Patching Strategy:** When patching the host OS (e.g., applying a new kernel or hypervisor update), utilize rolling updates across redundant hosts. If implementing software RAID (like ZFS), ensure the array geometry is maintained across all nodes before commencing maintenance on any single node. Storage Redundancy Techniques must be validated post-maintenance.
- **NVMe Over-Provisioning:** Ensure the host OS storage configuration leaves at least 10% unallocated space for internal garbage collection and wear-leveling algorithms within the NVMe controller firmware, preserving long-term performance.
- 5.4 Operating System Lifecycle Management
The high cost and complexity of this configuration necessitate stringent lifecycle planning for the server OS.
- **Standardization:** Maintain strict standardization across all deployed OS images (e.g., RHEL 9.4 or Windows Server 2022 build 20349.x) to simplify patch management and troubleshooting. Inconsistent OS configurations lead to unpredictable performance variations.
- **Driver Verification:** Always use vendor-certified drivers (e.g., HBA drivers, specialized NIC drivers) provided by the server manufacturer, rather than generic OS distribution drivers, especially for high-speed components like 100GbE adapters, to guarantee RDMA functionality and stable performance under sustained load. Refer to the Hardware Compatibility List (HCL) meticulously.
- **Backup and Disaster Recovery:** Implement image-level backups for the host OS and configuration, alongside application-level backups for guest OSes. Test Disaster Recovery Procedures quarterly to validate recovery time objectives (RTO).
This detailed maintenance strategy ensures that the significant performance gains offered by the high-end hardware are sustained throughout the server's operational service life, providing a stable foundation for complex server operating systems.
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- Technical Summary and Conclusion
The documented server configuration represents a Tier 1 platform engineered for maximum performance in modern server operating system deployments, specifically targeting virtualization density and low-latency data access. The combination of high core-count CPUs, massive DDR5 memory capacity, and direct-attached PCIe Gen 5.0 NVMe storage creates an environment where hardware bottlenecks are virtually eliminated, pushing performance limits defined only by the efficiency of the running OS stack itself.
Key takeaways for successful deployment include: 1. **I/O Dominance:** The storage subsystem is the defining feature, offering multi-million IOPS capabilities essential for consolidation. 2. **Memory Scalability:** 1TB+ capacity supports memory-hungry workloads and allows for aggressive oversubscription ratios in virtualization environments. 3. **Thermal Vigilance:** Maintenance must focus heavily on power delivery and thermal management to sustain peak CPU performance.
This configuration supports advanced features like NUMA Awareness, SR-IOV implementation, and high-speed network fabric utilization, making it the benchmark standard for next-generation enterprise infrastructure hosting diverse server operating systems.
Intel-Based Server Configurations
| Configuration | Specifications | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|
| Core i7-6700K/7700 Server | 64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 512 GB | CPU Benchmark: 8046 |
| Core i7-8700 Server | 64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2x1 TB | CPU Benchmark: 13124 |
| Core i9-9900K Server | 128 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 1 TB | CPU Benchmark: 49969 |
| Core i9-13900 Server (64GB) | 64 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD | |
| Core i9-13900 Server (128GB) | 128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD | |
| Core i5-13500 Server (64GB) | 64 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD | |
| Core i5-13500 Server (128GB) | 128 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD | |
| Core i5-13500 Workstation | 64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2 NVMe SSD, NVIDIA RTX 4000 |
AMD-Based Server Configurations
| Configuration | Specifications | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|
| Ryzen 5 3600 Server | 64 GB RAM, 2x480 GB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 17849 |
| Ryzen 7 7700 Server | 64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2x1 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 35224 |
| Ryzen 9 5950X Server | 128 GB RAM, 2x4 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 46045 |
| Ryzen 9 7950X Server | 128 GB DDR5 ECC, 2x2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 63561 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/1TB) | 128 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/2TB) | 128 GB RAM, 2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/4TB) | 128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/1TB) | 256 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/4TB) | 256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 9454P Server | 256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe |
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⚠️ *Note: All benchmark scores are approximate and may vary based on configuration. Server availability subject to stock.* ⚠️