Troubleshooting Server Issues
Troubleshooting Server Issues: A Deep Dive into the "Titan" High-Density Compute Platform
This technical document serves as the definitive guide for understanding, diagnosing, and maintaining the **"Titan" High-Density Compute Platform**, a configuration optimized for demanding virtualization and high-throughput data processing workloads. While this platform is robust, effective troubleshooting requires a thorough understanding of its underlying architecture and expected operational parameters.
1. Hardware Specifications
The "Titan" platform is engineered around maximum I/O density and computational throughput within a standard 2U rack form factor. Reliability is paramount, featuring dual redundant components across critical paths.
1.1 System Board and Chassis
The foundation of the system is the proprietary Chrono-X v3 motherboard, designed for maximum PCIe lane utilization and thermal efficiency.
Component | Specification | Notes |
---|---|---|
Form Factor | 2U Rackmount | Supports 40°C ambient operating temperature. |
Motherboard | Chrono-X v3 Dual-Socket Platform | Integrated BMC (ASPEED AST2600). |
Power Supplies (PSUs) | 2x 2000W 80+ Titanium Redundant (N+1) | Hot-swappable, PMBus managed. |
Cooling System | Direct-to-Chip Liquid Cooling Assist (Optional Air Cooling Available) | Optimized for 280W+ TDP CPUs. |
Chassis Dimensions (H x W x D) | 87.9 mm x 442 mm x 750 mm | Depth allows for rear cable management. |
Management Controller | Integrated IPMI 2.0 / Redfish Support | Supports Remote Management Protocol (RMP) for firmware updates. |
1.2 Central Processing Units (CPUs)
The Titan configuration mandates dual-socket deployment utilizing the latest generation of high core-count, high-frequency processors suitable for virtualization density.
Parameter | Specification (Per CPU) | Total System Capacity |
---|---|---|
Model Family | Intel Xeon Scalable 4th Gen (Sapphire Rapids) or AMD EPYC 9004 Series (Genoa) | Dual Socket Configuration |
Minimum Cores/Threads | 48 Cores / 96 Threads (e.g., Xeon Platinum 8470Q or EPYC 9554) | 96 Cores / 192 Threads (Minimum Baseline) |
Maximum Cores/Threads | Up to 64 Cores / 128 Threads (Specific SKUs) | Up to 128 Cores / 256 Threads (Maximum) |
Base Clock Speed | 2.2 GHz minimum | Varies based on SKU profile (P-core vs E-core balance). |
L3 Cache | 112.5 MB minimum | Total cache capacity critical for database performance. |
TDP (Thermal Design Power) | 280W - 350W | Requires robust cooling solution (See Section 5). |
Supported Memory Channels | 8 Channels (DDR5-4800 ECC RDIMM) | Maximum bandwidth crucial for memory-bound applications. |
1.3 Memory Subsystem (RAM)
The platform supports high-density, high-speed DDR5 memory, leveraging the increased channel count of modern server CPUs.
Parameter | Specification | Configuration Notes |
---|---|---|
Memory Type | DDR5 ECC RDIMM (Registered DIMM) | Error Correction is mandatory for enterprise stability. |
Total Slots Available | 32 DIMM Slots (16 per CPU) | Allows for highly granular capacity scaling. |
Standard Capacity | 1024 GB (32x 32GB DIMMs) | Standard deployment for virtualization hosts. |
Maximum Capacity | 8192 GB (32x 256GB 3DS DIMMs) | Requires specific BIOS/UEFI settings adjustments. |
Speed Support | DDR5-4800 MT/s (JEDEC Standard) | Achievable speed depends on DIMM population density; see DDR5 Memory Speeds and Loading. |
1.4 Storage Architecture
The storage subsystem emphasizes NVMe performance for OS and high-speed application data, supplemented by high-capacity SATA/SAS drives for bulk storage.
The front bays support 24 SFF (2.5-inch) drives. The configuration typically uses a tiered approach:
- **Tier 0 (Boot/OS):** Dual M.2 NVMe drives mirrored via the onboard RAID controller for OS redundancy.
- **Tier 1 (Hot Data):** 8x U.2/E1.S NVMe drives configured in a high-performance RAID 0 or RAID 10 array.
- **Tier 2 (Bulk Storage):** Remaining 14 bays populated with 15TB SAS SSDs or HDDs.
Component | Specification | Purpose |
---|---|---|
Primary Storage Controller | Broadcom MegaRAID SAS 9580-8i or equivalent (Hardware RAID) | Manages SAS/SATA drives. Supports RAID 0, 1, 5, 6, 10, 50, 60. |
NVMe Connectivity | Direct CPU PCIe lanes (x16 per CPU) + Dedicated PCIe Switch (Broadcom PEX switch) | Ensures ultra-low latency access for Tier 1 NVMe arrays. |
Total Drive Bays | 24x 2.5" Hot-Swap Bays | Supports SAS3 (12Gbps) or NVMe (PCIe Gen 4/5). |
Boot Drive Interface | 2x Internal M.2 NVMe (PCIe Gen 4) | Dedicated for Hypervisor/OS installation. |
1.5 Networking Subsystem
Network connectivity is critical for high-density workloads. The Titan utilizes dual, integrated LOMs (LAN on Motherboard) supplemented by high-speed PCIe expansion cards.
Interface | Quantity | Speed and Protocol | Location/Type |
---|---|---|---|
OOB Management (BMC) | 1x 1GbE RJ45 | Dedicated management port (IPMI/Redfish). | |
Primary Data Fabric | 2x 25GbE SFP28 (Integrated LOM) | For standard VM traffic and storage access (iSCSI/NFS). | |
High-Speed Fabric (Expansion Slot) | 1x PCIe 5.0 x16 Slot | Typically populated with a 100GbE ConnectX-7 or equivalent Infiniband adapter. | |
PCIe Slot Availability | 4x PCIe 5.0 x16 Slots | Total slots available for expansion cards (e.g., HBAs, GPUs, specialized accelerators). |
2. Performance Characteristics
The performance of the "Titan" platform is defined by its exceptional memory bandwidth, high core count, and low-latency storage access. Troubleshooting performance degradation requires establishing a baseline against these expected characteristics.
2.1 CPU Performance Benchmarks
Benchmarks are conducted using standardized synthetic tests designed to stress different aspects of the processor architecture (e.g., integer math, floating-point operations, memory access patterns).
Stress Test Scenario: Virtualization Density (VM Density) This test measures the maximum number of standard 4 vCPU/8GB RAM virtual machines that can run concurrently while maintaining a 95th percentile VM response time under 50ms.
Metric | Result (Average) | Threshold for Degradation |
---|---|---|
Max Stable VMs | 185 VMs | Below 170 VMs indicates CPU saturation or memory contention. |
Average CPU Utilization (Under Load) | 82% | Sustained utilization >90% suggests immediate throttling or resource starvation. |
VM Response Time (P95) | 38 ms | Exceeding 50ms requires investigation into CPU scheduling or NUMA balancing. |
2.2 Memory Bandwidth Analysis
Memory bandwidth directly impacts I/O-heavy applications and database performance. The dual-socket configuration provides significant aggregate bandwidth.
AIDA64 Memory Read/Write Test (System Maximum) Tested with 32x 64GB DDR5-4800 modules, fully populating all 8 channels per CPU.
Operation | Measured Throughput (GB/s) | Theoretical Maximum (Approx.) |
---|---|---|
Read Speed | 345 GB/s | ~368 GB/s (Based on 8x 4800MT/s channels) |
Write Speed | 310 GB/s | N/A (Write speed often limited by IMC internal buffers/controller load). |
Latency (Single Core Access) | 62 ns | Crucial for transactional databases. |
Troubleshooting Note on Bandwidth: If measured bandwidth drops below 85% of these baseline values, immediately check DIMM population (ensuring all channels are equally populated) and verify that the BIOS is set to "Performance" or "Maximum Throughput" memory profiles, not "Power Saving" profiles. Check for DIMM population mismatches, which can force the system into lower-speed operating modes (e.g., operating at 2 DIMMs per channel instead of 4).
2.3 Storage I/O Performance
Storage performance is highly dependent on the underlying RAID configuration and the utilization of the NVMe fabric.
FIO Benchmarks (Tier 1 NVMe Array - 8x 3.84TB U.2 NVMe in RAID 10)
Workload Type | Queue Depth (QD) | IOPS (Random 4K) | Throughput (MB/s Sequential 128K) |
---|---|---|---|
Small Block Read (High IOPS) | QD=64 | 1,850,000 IOPS | 7,500 MB/s |
Large Block Write (High Throughput) | QD=32 | N/A | 12,500 MB/s |
Troubleshooting Note on I/O: A significant drop in IOPS (more than 20%) during sustained random workloads often points to one of three issues: 1. **Controller Overheating:** The RAID controller thermal throttling. Check BMC logs for temperature spikes above 75°C on the controller ASIC. 2. **PCIe Lane Saturation:** Ensure the RAID controller is seated in a full x16 Gen 4/5 slot, not mistakenly seated in a x8 slot due to resource contention, referencing the PCIe Lane Allocation Table. 3. **Storage Driver Issues:** Outdated or incorrect storage drivers (e.g., LSI/Broadcom drivers) can severely impact multi-queue performance.
3. Recommended Use Cases
The high core density, massive memory capacity, and superior I/O structure make the "Titan" platform ideal for specific, resource-intensive enterprise applications.
3.1 Enterprise Virtualization Host (Hypervisor)
This is the primary intended workload. The platform excels at hosting large consolidation ratios of virtual machines (VMs).
- **Key Requirement Met:** High core count (enabling high vCPU allocation) combined with massive RAM capacity (supporting large memory allocations per VM). The redundant PSUs and robust cooling support 24/7 operation under heavy load.
- **Troubleshooting Focus:** Monitoring CPU Scheduling Latency and ensuring the hypervisor (VMware ESXi, KVM, Hyper-V) is correctly configured for NUMA awareness, as the dual-socket design presents two distinct NUMA nodes. Improper configuration leads to inter-socket latency spikes.
3.2 High-Performance Database Clusters (OLTP/OLAP)
For databases requiring large in-memory caches (e.g., SAP HANA, large SQL Server instances).
- **Key Requirement Met:** The combination of high memory bandwidth and the extremely fast Tier 1 NVMe array provides the necessary throughput for transaction logging and rapid data retrieval.
- **Troubleshooting Focus:** Latency monitoring. Database performance is highly sensitive to latency. Use tools like `latencytop` or specific database monitoring agents to track the time spent waiting for I/O completion. If I/O wait times exceed 10ms consistently, investigate the NVMe array health and controller firmware. See Storage Firmware Best Practices.
3.3 AI/ML Inference and Light Training Platforms
While dedicated GPU servers are better for heavy training, the Titan excels at deploying pre-trained models (inference) that require fast data loading and high CPU throughput for preprocessing steps.
- **Key Requirement Met:** The provision for up to four full-length PCIe 5.0 expansion cards allows for the installation of multiple AI accelerators (e.g., NVIDIA A100/H100) while retaining excellent CPU/memory resources for data pipeline management.
- **Troubleshooting Focus:** PCIe bandwidth allocation. Ensure that the installed accelerators are receiving the full x16 lanes negotiated by the BIOS, especially when using high-speed networking cards in adjacent slots. Consult the Chrono-X v3 PCIe Topology.
3.4 High-Density Container Orchestration Nodes
Serving as worker nodes in large Kubernetes clusters where rapid deployment and high density of microservices are required.
- **Key Requirement Met:** High core count allows for dense packing of containers, minimizing the physical footprint.
- **Troubleshooting Focus:** Kernel overhead and context switching. Monitor context switch rates via OS tools. If context switching is excessively high (e.g., >10,000/sec per core), the workload density is too high, or the application is poorly optimized, leading to CPU starvation, despite high utilization reporting.
4. Comparison with Similar Configurations
To properly diagnose issues, one must understand where this configuration excels and where it might be over-specified or under-specified compared to alternatives.
4.1 Comparison with Single-Socket (SS) Density Servers
Single-socket servers (e.g., 1U servers with a single AMD EPYC CPU) offer high core density in a smaller physical space but sacrifice memory bandwidth and I/O capacity.
Feature | Titan Configuration (2U Dual Socket) | Single Socket Density Server (1U) |
---|---|---|
Max Cores | 128 Cores | 64 Cores (Max) |
Max RAM Capacity | 8 TB | 4 TB |
Memory Channels | 16 (8 per CPU) | 12 (Single CPU) |
PCIe Lanes (Available for Expansion) | ~128 Usable Lanes (PCIe 5.0) | ~64 Usable Lanes (PCIe 5.0) |
Total Power Draw (Peak) | ~2800W (Dual CPUs + Max RAM + NVMe) | ~1600W |
Best Suited For | Virtualization, Database Caching, Balanced I/O workloads. | Read-heavy, low-write workloads, or environments requiring extreme power efficiency per rack unit. |
Troubleshooting Insight: If the Titan is experiencing memory latency issues that the SS server does not, it often points to NUMA Topology Awareness failure, where a process on CPU0 is frequently accessing memory attached to CPU1, incurring the high inter-socket latency (typically 100-150ns penalty).
4.2 Comparison with High-Frequency (HF) Workstation-Class Servers
These servers prioritize raw clock speed over core count, often using specialized CPUs like Intel Xeon W or AMD Threadripper Pro, sacrificing some enterprise features like full dual-socket redundancy.
Feature | Titan Configuration (High Core Count) | High Frequency Server (e.g., TR Pro) |
---|---|---|
Core Count (Typical) | 96 - 128 Cores | 32 - 64 Cores |
Max Clock Speed (Single Core Boost) | Up to 4.5 GHz | Up to 5.1 GHz |
Memory Channels | 16 Channels (DDR5) | 8 Channels (DDR5) |
ECC Support | Full RDIMM support (Enterprise Grade) | ECC Support (Workstation Grade, potentially lower reliability features). |
Ideal Workload | Consolidation, Parallel Processing, High Throughput. | Single-threaded legacy applications, Compilation servers. |
Troubleshooting Insight: If a legacy application performs poorly on the Titan despite high utilization figures, it may be bottlenecked by the lower per-core boost clock compared to an HF server. The solution is often isolating that workload to a specific NUMA node and ensuring it only uses a subset of the cores, allowing the remaining cores to boost higher, or migrating it to a dedicated HF machine entirely.
5. Maintenance Considerations
Effective troubleshooting begins with proactive maintenance. The high-density nature of the Titan platform necessitates stringent adherence to thermal and power management protocols.
5.1 Thermal Management and Cooling
The 2U chassis houses components with a combined peak thermal design power exceeding 1300W (CPUs alone).
- 5.1.1 Ambient Environment
The operating environment must strictly adhere to ASHRAE guidelines, preferably targeting the lower end of the recommended range to maximize thermal headroom for boosting.
- **Recommended Ambient Intake Temperature:** 18°C to 22°C (64°F to 72°F).
- **Maximum Safe Intake Temperature:** 28°C (82.4°F), beyond which the system will aggressively throttle CPU clocks (often dropping from 4.0 GHz to 2.5 GHz sustained). Verify this via the BMC sensor logs.
- 5.1.2 Fan Management
The system utilizes high static pressure fans optimized for dense environments.
- **Fan Speed Control:** Controlled via the BMC based on the hottest component (usually CPU package or RAID controller). If the system reports "High Fan Speed" or "Fan Failure" alerts, check the physical fan modules immediately.
- **Troubleshooting Fan Issues:** A single failed fan in this N+M configuration (typically N+3 redundancy) will trigger an alert, but the remaining fans will over-speed, increasing noise and potentially stressing other components due to higher internal air pressure fluctuations. Always replace failed fans immediately. Check the Fan Speed Curve Calibration settings in the BIOS.
5.2 Power Requirements and Redundancy
With dual 2000W Titanium PSUs, the system requires robust power infrastructure.
- **Maximum Continuous Draw:** Under full CPU load, all NVMe drives active, and high-speed networking saturated, the system can pull up to 2.4 kW continuously.
- **PDU Requirements:** Each rack unit housing a Titan server should be connected to Power Distribution Units (PDUs) rated for at least 3.0 kW per circuit to accommodate transient spikes during boot or high-load initialization.
- **Redundancy Check:** Regularly test PSU failover by pulling one PSU while the system is under load. If the system momentarily dips power or performance (< 500ms recovery time), the upstream PDUs or UPS may have insufficient capacity or slow transfer time, leading to potential OS kernel panics or application crashes. Refer to UPS Sizing for High-Density Racks.
5.3 Firmware and Driver Lifecycle Management
Server stability is heavily reliant on synchronized firmware versions across the BMC, BIOS, RAID Controller, and NICs.
- **BIOS/UEFI:** Must be maintained at the latest version that supports the installed CPU family. Older BIOS versions may not correctly interpret the power states (P-states) of newer CPUs, leading to unexpected performance drops or overheating.
- **RAID Controller Firmware:** Crucial for NVMe performance. Ensure the controller firmware matches the recommended version specified by the storage vendor for the installed drive models (e.g., Samsung PM1733 compatibility matrix). Mismatches often manifest as random I/O errors or reduced IOPS under sustained load. See Storage Driver Compatibility Matrix.
- **BMC/IPMI:** The Baseboard Management Controller (BMC) is the first point of contact for remote troubleshooting. Ensure its firmware is current to utilize the newest Redfish capabilities and accurate sensor reporting. Outdated BMCs often report incorrect fan speeds or temperatures.
5.4 Storage Health Monitoring
The storage array is the most complex failure surface in this configuration.
- **S.M.A.R.T. and NVMe Health:** Configure monitoring agents to poll S.M.A.R.T. data (for SAS/SATA) and NVMe Health Logs (Critical Warnings, Media Errors) hourly.
- **RAID Array Scrubbing:** For large RAID arrays (RAID 6/50/60), scheduled background scrubbing is mandatory to detect and correct latent sector errors before a second drive failure occurs. Run a full scrub monthly. If scrubbing performance significantly impacts production workload (e.g., >30% throughput reduction), investigate the RAID Controller Performance Profile.
- **Drive Replacement Protocol:** When replacing an NVMe drive, ensure the replacement drive has the exact same firmware revision or a newer, validated revision. Using an older firmware drive can cause the rebuild process to fail or introduce data corruption if the older firmware lacks necessary write ordering fixes.
6. Advanced Troubleshooting Scenarios
When standard checks do not resolve the issue, advanced diagnostics targeting specific bottlenecks are required.
6.1 Diagnosing Intermittent High Latency (The "Ghost in the Machine")
Intermittent latency spikes (e.g., P99 latency jumping from 50ms to 500ms every 15 minutes) are often related to background maintenance tasks or power management features.
1. **Check BMC Logs for Power State Transitions:** Look for entries indicating the system is transitioning between C-states or P-states rapidly. Aggressive C-state entry/exit on idle CPUs can cause severe latency spikes when the application suddenly demands resources back.
* *Remediation:* Set BIOS minimum processor state to 5% or disable aggressive power saving features (e.g., Intel SpeedStep/AMD PowerNow!) if performance consistency is prioritized over energy use.
2. **Verify PCIe Bus Resets:** Check the OS kernel logs (`dmesg` on Linux) for messages like "PCIe Bus Error: AER: Uncorrected" or "Link Training Failed." This usually indicates a marginal physical connection or power instability.
* *Remediation:* Reseat all PCIe cards, especially the main RAID controller and high-speed NICs. If the issue persists, reduce the clock speed of the affected component (e.g., downclocking the CPU slightly to reduce PCIe signaling stress) or check the PSU health history.
3. **Memory Training Issues:** Check the POST/BIOS logs for repeated memory training sequences during warm boots. This suggests DIMMs are operating near the edge of stability.
* *Remediation:* Increase the memory voltage slightly (if the BIOS allows, typically only supported on workstation platforms, less common on enterprise server BIOS) or reduce memory speed from DDR5-4800 down to DDR5-4400. See DDR5 Memory Training Failures.
- 6.2 Troubleshooting CPU Throttling Under Load
If sustained maximum utilization is not achieved, throttling is the culprit.
- **Thermal Throttling (Tj Max):** The system limits frequency to protect the silicon.
* *Diagnosis:* Check `msrtool` or `rdmsr` outputs for bits indicating Thermal Throttling Event (TCC Activation). If the CPU temperature exceeds 95°C, throttling is active. * *Remediation:* Immediate investigation of cooling. Is the CPU heatsink mounted correctly? Is the liquid cooling pump running (if applicable)? Is the chassis air flow obstructed? Check the Rack Airflow Dynamics.
- **Power Limit Throttling (PL1/PL2):** The system exceeds the configured package power limit (TDP).
* *Diagnosis:* Check the Power Limit Exerted (PLE) flags in the CPU performance counters. If PLE is active, the system is being limited by the motherboard's VRMs or the PSU capacity. * *Remediation:* If the system is running in a high-ambient environment, the PSUs may be struggling to deliver rated power efficiently. Verify the system is running on dedicated, non-shared PDU circuits rated for the full load. If running stock configuration, this indicates a potential VRM fault on the motherboard. Consult the VRM Diagnostics Guide.
- 6.3 Storage Controller Errors Under High I/O Stress
When NVMe arrays fail under load, the issue is usually controller-side rather than drive-side.
- **Command Timeout Errors (CTO):** The OS reports that the HBA/RAID controller is not responding within the watchdog window.
* *Diagnosis:* High queue depth stress test (QD=128 sustained for 30 minutes). If errors appear, check the controller's internal temperature logs (accessible via vendor-specific utility, e.g., StorCLI). * *Remediation:* If the controller is hot, install an auxiliary PCIe fan or relocate the controller to a slot with better direct airflow. If the controller supports PCIe power management features (ASPM), disable them, as they can cause latency during re-activation.
- **Firmware Mismatch Errors:** In mixed-drive environments (e.g., different generations of NVMe drives), the controller firmware may struggle to manage differing command sets.
* *Remediation:* Standardize the drive models in the Tier 1 array. If standardization is impossible, downgrade the controller firmware to the lowest common denominator that supports all installed drives, prioritizing stability over peak theoretical performance. Review NVMe Command Queuing Standards.
Conclusion
The "Titan" High-Density Compute Platform offers unparalleled performance for virtualization and data-intensive tasks. Effective troubleshooting moves beyond simple component replacement; it requires a deep, systematic analysis of the interaction between the high-speed CPU complex, the massive memory subsystem, and the low-latency I/O fabric. By understanding the performance baselines detailed in Section 2 and strictly adhering to the environmental requirements outlined in Section 5, administrators can proactively maintain high availability and isolate complex, intermittent issues with surgical precision.
Intel-Based Server Configurations
Configuration | Specifications | Benchmark |
---|---|---|
Core i7-6700K/7700 Server | 64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 512 GB | CPU Benchmark: 8046 |
Core i7-8700 Server | 64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2x1 TB | CPU Benchmark: 13124 |
Core i9-9900K Server | 128 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 1 TB | CPU Benchmark: 49969 |
Core i9-13900 Server (64GB) | 64 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD | |
Core i9-13900 Server (128GB) | 128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD | |
Core i5-13500 Server (64GB) | 64 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD | |
Core i5-13500 Server (128GB) | 128 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD | |
Core i5-13500 Workstation | 64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2 NVMe SSD, NVIDIA RTX 4000 |
AMD-Based Server Configurations
Configuration | Specifications | Benchmark |
---|---|---|
Ryzen 5 3600 Server | 64 GB RAM, 2x480 GB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 17849 |
Ryzen 7 7700 Server | 64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2x1 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 35224 |
Ryzen 9 5950X Server | 128 GB RAM, 2x4 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 46045 |
Ryzen 9 7950X Server | 128 GB DDR5 ECC, 2x2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 63561 |
EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/1TB) | 128 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/2TB) | 128 GB RAM, 2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/4TB) | 128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/1TB) | 256 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/4TB) | 256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
EPYC 9454P Server | 256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe |
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⚠️ *Note: All benchmark scores are approximate and may vary based on configuration. Server availability subject to stock.* ⚠️