Iptables
- Iptables: A Comprehensive Guide to Linux Firewall Configuration
This article provides a detailed overview of `iptables`, the user-space utility program that allows you to configure the tables in the Linux kernel firewall. It’s a fundamental tool for securing your Linux server. We’ll cover the basics of its structure, common use cases, and provide examples to get you started. This guide assumes a basic understanding of networking concepts like IP addresses, ports, and protocols.
== What is Iptables?
`iptables` is the standard firewall management tool for many Linux distributions. It operates by defining rules that dictate how the kernel handles network packets. These rules are organized into tables, each responsible for a different aspect of network traffic filtering. While `iptables` itself is deprecated in favor of `nftables` in newer distributions, understanding `iptables` is still valuable, as many systems still rely on it. Understanding its core concepts provides a solid foundation for learning `nftables` as well. This article focuses on `iptables` as found in MediaWiki server environments.
== Iptables Tables
`iptables` uses several tables to categorize rules. The most commonly used tables are:
- **filter:** This is the default table, and it’s used for general filtering of packets. It contains rules for ACCEPT, DROP, and REJECT.
- **nat:** This table is used for Network Address Translation (NAT). It’s commonly used to share a single public IP address among multiple private IP addresses. See Network Address Translation for more information.
- **mangle:** This table is used to alter packet headers. It’s often used for Quality of Service (QoS) marking or TTL adjustments.
- **raw:** This table is used to bypass connection tracking.
| Table | Description | Common Use Cases |
|---|---|---|
| filter | Default table for general packet filtering. | Blocking unwanted traffic, allowing specific connections. |
| nat | Network Address Translation. | Sharing a single public IP address, port forwarding. |
| mangle | Altering packet headers. | QoS marking, TTL adjustments. |
| raw | Bypassing connection tracking. | Handling fragmented packets. |
== Iptables Rules: Chains and Targets
Within each table, rules are organized into *chains*. Chains are lists of rules that are applied sequentially to packets. The most common chains within the `filter` table are:
- **INPUT:** Handles packets destined for the server itself.
- **OUTPUT:** Handles packets originating from the server.
- **FORWARD:** Handles packets being routed through the server.
Each rule specifies a *target*, which determines the action to be taken when a packet matches the rule's criteria. Common targets include:
- **ACCEPT:** Allows the packet to pass through.
- **DROP:** Silently discards the packet.
- **REJECT:** Discards the packet and sends an ICMP error message to the sender.
- **LOG:** Logs information about the packet.
== Basic Iptables Commands
Here are some basic `iptables` commands:
- `iptables -L`: Lists all rules in all tables.
- `iptables -L -t table_name`: Lists rules in a specific table (e.g., `iptables -L -t nat`).
- `iptables -A chain_name rule_specification`: Appends a rule to a specific chain (e.g., `iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT`).
- `iptables -D chain_name rule_number`: Deletes a rule from a specific chain by its number.
- `iptables -F chain_name`: Flushes (deletes all rules from) a specific chain.
- `iptables -X`: Deletes user-defined chains.
- `iptables-save`: Saves the current rules to a file.
- `iptables-restore`: Restores rules from a file.
== Example Iptables Configuration
This example demonstrates a basic `iptables` configuration to secure a web server. This configuration allows incoming HTTP (port 80) and HTTPS (port 443) traffic while blocking all other incoming connections.
First, we set the default policy for the INPUT chain to DROP. This means that any incoming traffic that doesn't match a specific rule will be blocked.
```bash iptables -P INPUT DROP iptables -P FORWARD DROP iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT ```
Next, we allow established and related connections. This is important for allowing responses to outgoing connections and for maintaining existing connections.
```bash iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT ```
Now, we allow incoming HTTP and HTTPS traffic:
```bash iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT ```
Finally, we allow SSH traffic from a specific IP address (replace `192.168.1.100` with your actual IP address):
```bash iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 192.168.1.100 --dport 22 -j ACCEPT ```
| Rule | Description |
|---|---|
| Sets the default INPUT policy to DROP. | |
| Allows established and related connections. | |
| Allows incoming HTTP traffic. | |
| Allows incoming HTTPS traffic. | |
| Allows SSH traffic from a specific IP address. |
== Saving and Restoring Iptables Rules
It's crucial to save your `iptables` rules so they are automatically loaded after a reboot. The method for doing this varies depending on your Linux distribution.
- **Debian/Ubuntu:** Use the `iptables-persistent` package: `sudo apt-get install iptables-persistent` and then `sudo netfilter-persistent save`.
- **CentOS/RHEL/Fedora:** Use the `iptables-services` package: `sudo yum install iptables-services` and then `sudo systemctl enable iptables` and `sudo systemctl start iptables`.
You can also manually save the rules to a file using `iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4` and restore them using `iptables-restore < /etc/iptables/rules.v4`.
== Advanced Iptables Concepts
- **Connection Tracking:** `iptables` uses connection tracking to keep track of the state of network connections. This allows you to create rules that are based on the connection state (e.g., ESTABLISHED, NEW, RELATED). See Connection Tracking for details.
- **Modules:** `iptables` supports various modules that extend its functionality. Modules allow you to match packets based on various criteria, such as the application protocol, the MAC address, or the owner of the process.
- **User-Defined Chains:** You can create your own custom chains to organize your rules and improve readability.
| Concept | Description |
|---|---|
| Connection Tracking | Keeps track of the state of network connections. |
| Modules | Extend iptables functionality with additional matching criteria. |
| User-Defined Chains | Organize rules and improve readability. |
== Resources
- Linux Kernel Documentation - Iptables: Official documentation from the Linux kernel.
- DigitalOcean Tutorial - How to Use UFW to Manage Your Firewall: A beginner-friendly tutorial on using UFW, a simpler front-end for `iptables`.
- iptables Wiki: A community-maintained wiki with information about `iptables`.
- Network Address Translation
- IP addresses
- ports
- protocols
- Linux server
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